May 1994 - lir-wg - mailman.ripe.net

Re: Address space for individuals
by Per Gregers Bilse 25 Aug '94

25 Aug '94

Ignoring for a minute that I don't work with local-ir stuff in any way or capacity, I find it odd the lengths ``we'' (Internet NICs, registries, providers) go to, to help and support people and organisations who don't want to play our game, ie connect to the global Internet, anyway. This is even more so, given the address space depletion (although opinions wrt this problem varies). Individuals or micro companies who want to connect a couple of PCs on a LAN can renumber the day they connect. Larger companies who clearly state that they have no intention of connecting, and want numbers for closed networks, don't need unique numbers (this has been discussed elsewhere recently). Medium size companies who intend to connect (later) -- no problem, of course they can get official numbers. But is it completely outrageous to consider unique/official IP numbers to be the property of the global, connected Internet? And categorically rule that they will only be issued to members of this crowd, ie those that actually (intend to) connect? "Intend to connect" ... A sledgehammer approach (nothing new in this, but I think it bears repeating): Organisations get allocations as usual, with the usual justifications for size etc. If somebody don't use (ie connect and route) at least part of their allocation within, say, 12 months, they have forfeited their chance. Their numbers may be re-assigned to somebody else, who now has first call. If the original requestor wants to connect at a later stage, they'll have to renumber. Considering the "interesting" future ahead of us, when IP numbers become really scarce, I don't see any reason to dole them out right, left and center to people who don't intend to use them. Unless we want to start building the future market of IP numbers; I wonder what a /16 will sell for around the turn of the century. -- bilse <bilse(a)EU.net> +31 20 592 5109 (dir: 5110); fax +31 20 592 5163 ``We used to ! but now we @'' (jensen)

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Hank Nussbacher 29 May '94

29 May '94

On Tue, 24 May 94 12:31:14 +0200 you said: >>is the decision to be made then I would like to see a table of all RIPE >>countries that provide free registry services with who provides the >>funding: >> >>a) government funded registry >>b) university funded registry >>c) country Internet consortium funded registry > >For DE it's model c above. > >>d) other >> >>Do people feel that such a table would be worthwhile to determine who >>is currently funding registry services in Europe today? > >Yes - very good idea. > >>Hank >Dave Ok. Plz send me your reply to the above and I will summerize to the list. Please indicate what region you manage. Thanks, Hank

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map of assigned networks
by Willi Huber 24 May '94

24 May '94

Hallo, prior to the past RIPE meeting I sent a (rather long) message onto this list about a 'graphical' representation of the assigned networks from the blocks 193/8 - 194/8. Nandor Horvath has asked me to make available the script that generated this output. Here it is. Make with it whatever you like. Willi Huber -------------- An example: netmap 193.5/16 <ripe.db netmap: looking for networks 193.5.0 <= network < 193.6.0 193.005.000 .*#*#...**##****#*#*#*#*#*##*#*#****#*#*#*#*##**#*#*#*##**#.*#*# 193.005.064 ....**##****####*#*#*#*#********#*#*#*#*#*#*####****####*#*#*#** 193.005.128 ################******..####****#####...****##**##*#************ 193.005.192 ########################********################**********#.*#* -------------- #!/bin/perl $c = "*"; $counter = 65; $arg = shift(@ARGV); if ($arg =~ /^\d+.*\/\d+$/) { ($firstnet,$bits) = split(/\//,$arg); } else { $bits = 32; } &binnet($firstnet); $bits = 24-$bits; if ($bits < 0) { print <<"end_of_text"; exit; } Usage: netmap net/bits file net/bits: the range of network addresses to be analysed file: the input file in the format of the ripe.db. If file is omitted, STDIN is read example: netmap 193/8 ripe.db NOTE: this script does not run propperly for class B addresses, use it only with calss C's. end_of_text $mask = 1; while ($bits-- > 0) { $mask *= 2; } $firstnet = int($firstnet / $mask) * $mask; $lastnet = $firstnet+$mask; print "\nnetmap: looking for networks "; &printnet($firstnet); print " <= network < "; &printnet($lastnet); print "\n\n"; open(INET,">/tmp/netmap.$$") || die "netmap: Couldn't open >/tmp/netmap.$$\n"; while (<>) { if (/\*in/) { chop; ($key,$value) = split(/\s+/,$_,2); if ($value =~ /-/) { ($value,$value2) = $value =~ /(\S+) - (\S+)/; &binnet($value); &binnet($value2); } else { &binnet($value); $value2 = $value; } if (($value >= $firstnet) && ($value < $lastnet)) { printf INET "%09d %09d\n",$value,$value2; } } } close INET; $lastplotted = $firstnet-1; open(SORTED,"sort /tmp/netmap.$$ |") || die "netmap: Couldn't open sort /tmp/netmap.$$ |\n"; while (<SORTED>) { ($value,$value2) = split; &plot($value,$value2); } print "\n"; close SORTED; unlink("/tmp/netmap.$$"); exit; sub binnet { undef(@bytes); (@bytes) = split(/\./,$_[0]); $_[0] = ($bytes[0]*256+$bytes[1])*256+$bytes[2]; } sub printnet { local($i) = $_[0]; printf "%d.%d.%d", int($i / 0x10000), int($i / 0x100 % 0x100), $i % 0x100; } sub plot { local($v,$v2) = @_; if ($lastplotted >= $v) { return; } $lastplotted++; while ($lastplotted != $v) { &plotnet(".",$lastplotted); $lastplotted++; } &plotnet($c,$v); while ($v != $v2) { $v++; &plotnet($c,$v); } $lastplotted = $v2; if ($c eq "*") { $c = "#"; } else { $c = "*" } } sub plotnet { local($c,$i) = @_; if ($counter >= 64) { printf "\n%03d.%03d.%03d ", int($i / 0x10000), int($i / 0x100 % 0x100), $i % 0x100; $counter = 0; } $counter++; print $c; }

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Dave Morton 24 May '94

24 May '94

>is the decision to be made then I would like to see a table of all RIPE >countries that provide free registry services with who provides the >funding: > >a) government funded registry >b) university funded registry >c) country Internet consortium funded registry For DE it's model c above. >d) other > >Do people feel that such a table would be worthwhile to determine who >is currently funding registry services in Europe today? Yes - very good idea. >Hank Dave

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Erik-Jan Bos 24 May '94

24 May '94

Daniel, > > Geert Jan de Groot <GeertJan.deGroot(a)ripe.net> writes: > > > - If this person only has a few hosts, then it is probably a good idea to > > ask him to renumber once he connects to the Internet. I don't believe > > that renumbering 3 PC's would be that much of a problem. > > 1597 might be useful after all.. > > This sums up my personal opinion. Great, quite along my personal opinion, but we need a consistent approach among all Local IRs. > If they are not going to connect immediately, then let them use private > address space and renumber their 3 hosts later. > > If they are going to connect immediately, let the service provider > registry assign numbers. Sure. > I know of cases where they subnet part of > the SP space. Soon - when we have a classless allocation registry, > this can even be registered. The world, now classless, might have /30s and /29s all over the place. I do not want to think of /32s. This gives us a neat "tool" to make sure that everybody has address space assigned to her or him that fits the needs. Looking into my cristal ball (sorry, I sound like somebody else :-) ), I see a world in which the bakery on the corner of the street has a brand new /28 assigned to his one-man company by a ISP he selected. After a few month the guy making bread discovers there is an ISP for the bakery branch in his city and he wants to switch over to the bakery-ISP. This ISP welcomes his new customer with open arms and announces this /28 to the Internet at large. Remember, this /28 is from the first ISP in this story. Think of what this will do to the efficiency of CIDR... Bottom line of this story is that there needs to be a mechanism in place that forces the bakery to renumber to a CIDR range of his new service provider. For the bakery with a /28 this is not too complex, but what about this large company with a /15? __ Erik-Jan.

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Dave Morton 24 May '94

24 May '94

>On Fri, 20 May 94 17:32:13 BST you said: >>One point I'd suggest though -- I don't believe it would be realistic >>to expect a uniform charge across Europe. As with everything else in life, >>costs will vary from country to country. One discussion point will be Yes - agreed Bob, we've already this problem in many pan-European projects. Trying to explain why overheads are different from PT to DE is not easy. >>whether one wants the idea of free competition across Europe, with >>customers "shopping around" (the Maastricht ideal, I suppose), or a >>situation where customers aren't "allowed" to apply in other than >>their own country (ie regulation, or a cartel, depending on your view.) >>If the latter then there's an interesting consequence of what to do >>if a one country's Last Resort Registry starts charging unreasonably >>high prices ... this is a problem that hasn't been solved yet in the >>well known area of line provision! In the case of IP numbers and domains one can sort of argue that a certain monopolistic type structure is required for technical reasons (cidr, tlds etc.) - how long this holds if we have competing pan-European or global service providers is crystal ball stuff. >Imagine the havoc it would play on CIDR if everyone shopped around >to save a few ECUs on an IP address. RIPE could come out with >a recommendation range, i.e. $10-$30 per class C. Not possible Hank - I don't believe RIPE should try to regulate markets, assuming such a market were to emerge. But you're right - it'll play havoc with cidr if such a market does emerge before IPng gets widely implemented, available and installed. How is NSAP allocation done in other European countries ? I know that here in DE one obtains NSAP for around 32ecu per NSAP per year. Does this compare and is there some sort of international (european agreement on this) - I doubt it ? >>Could be an interesting discussion.... Indeed. >> >>Bob Day > >Hank Nussbacher Dave

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Dave Morton 24 May '94

24 May '94

> > poole(a)eunet.ch (Simon Poole) writes: > > > > A note on the side: not allowing purchase of IP addresses in other > > countries would very likely be illegal at least inside the EU including > > any other restrictions on usage of not nationally obtained IP addresses. > >Stop it right there. There is no purchase involved. Once we talk about >purchase and ownership we are doomed. No aggrgation, no reclamation, >no leasing to refuce consumption. Erase those words from the discussion >please. Yes - agreed. But then one is now faced with the problem of explaining. "Ahem - well remember that Class Bs we assigned you back in 1989 - well we'd now like to rent it to you for X ecu per annum - please transfer X or esle". >Now to Simon's remark: Where can I get a Swiss phone number in the >Netherlands? I think we should not be overly concerned with this >problem at the present time. Not so sure - currently one can always get a gsm phone in country a assuming one lives in country b and you don't like the tariffs in country b. yes - hypothetical perhaps and unlikely but... > > The main problem is that if it's a small enough ammount to be painless, > > it's too expensive to bill for (a one time bill for $10 is clearly not > > going to make any sense at all). > >I support leasing of address space eventually. Me too but how are we going to explain this to people ? >With all the problems involved. >One idea that is feasible then is to lease small amounts of address >space for longer times with advance payment. This gets around the >small bills problem. Yes - that was my suggestion to DE-NIC (also for domain registration ala Hank's problem) but this was rejected as unworkable. If SPs can send out bills for 35KECU per month then why not also for renting address space and domain registration. Have we looked at the possibility of a routing charge ? >Daniel Dave

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Hank Nussbacher 24 May '94

24 May '94

On Fri, 20 May 94 17:32:13 BST you said: >One point I'd suggest though -- I don't believe it would be realistic >to expect a uniform charge across Europe. As with everything else in life, >costs will vary from country to country. One discussion point will be >whether one wants the idea of free competition across Europe, with >customers "shopping around" (the Maastricht ideal, I suppose), or a >situation where customers aren't "allowed" to apply in other than >their own country (ie regulation, or a cartel, depending on your view.) >If the latter then there's an interesting consequence of what to do >if a one country's Last Resort Registry starts charging unreasonably >high prices ... this is a problem that hasn't been solved yet in the >well known area of line provision! Imagine the havoc it would play on CIDR if everyone shopped around to save a few ECUs on an IP address. RIPE could come out with a recommendation range, i.e. $10-$30 per class C. > >Could be an interesting discussion.... > >Bob Day Hank Nussbacher

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Dave Morton 24 May '94

24 May '94

> > Arnold Nipper <nipper(a)xlink.net> writes: > > > > We had lot of discussion about that within the DE-NIC steering-financing > > committee. We finally decided to give every one a free shot. If the applica > > nt > > sent in a detailed technical plan justifying the requested address space, i > > t's > > fine. Otherwise the templates are sent back with addresses where he/she may > > buy consultancy. News to me... >Who gets on that list? Presumably a select few :-) Dave

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Re: Address space for individuals
by bob＠informatics.rutherford.ac.uk 24 May '94

24 May '94

> It would help the debate if, as early as possible, other > last resort registries could indicate their views, their > current practice and their funding methods. If recommendations > are to be made, they should be based on as wide a poll as > possible. For the record, the UK situation. Within JANET, we undertake two registry roles: 1. We assign numbers for those connecting to JANET. This is part of the general service we provide to customers connecting to JANET, and is effectively funded through the JANET connection charge and annual rental. Therefore we wouldn't unbundle a charge for network number assignment in these cases. 2. We're the NIC of last resort for the UK. This service is effectively unfunded -- we do it as part of the JANET registry activities. Our funding authorities in general think that doing this sort of thing is desirable (ie in the interests of networking in the UK), but (if we were to ask) wouldn't pay for it directly -- they'd expect us to fund it by charging those wanting numbers. Obviously, we don't bother asking, but the operation of this service is a constant drain, with the real possibility that we'll have to give it up (ie hand it back to the NCC) if it gets more onerous that at present. For information, I'd reckon that processing a "simple" request, billing etc would cost around 250 ECU. A more complex one, where there's a need to discuss the situation in detail with the applicant might cost 500 ECU, maybe more. With these sort of figures it'd probably be worth insisting on having the registration fee come with the application, rather than billing afterwards -- this should cut costs a bit. You'd still have to generate a VAT receipt, though. Bob

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Hank Nussbacher 24 May '94

24 May '94

On Sun, 22 May 1994 23:07:50 +0200 (MET DST) you said: > >Hank, I feel you are really mixing up two issues: > > - DNS registration > > - IP registry of last resort > >It is really difficult to see where the large cost factor is >in the first case (if I counted correctly co.il contains 91 >domains, really peanuts from a resource usage point of view). > >In the second case, real personel costs -do- exist, since a lot >of applicants will expect free consulting and will argue end- >lessly about how much address space they need using up personel >time (and nerves). > >Simon In my case it is the opposite. The large personnel costs are for DNS rather than for IP. Those that connect have no idea what DNS is, none whatsoever about bind, nameservice, primary and secondary nameservers, how to structure their own internal domain space, etc. I have had lots of Novell networks wanting connectivity and then you need to explain to them about LAN Workplace for DOS, LAN Workgroup or Netwire IP and how each fits into the DNS way of things. The personnel time is roughly 5:1 for DNS vs IP allocation in my country. Hank

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Re: Address space for individuals
by bob＠informatics.rutherford.ac.uk 23 May '94

23 May '94

> while I don't want to join in flaming, I see some good reasons for > people running a registry *now* for frowning at the financial > procedures proposed or even applied unilaterally be some (only a very > few?) Last Resort Registries. I tend to agree with Wilfried. JANET originally offered to run the UK Last Resort registry because, as the national adademic & reserach network, we believed that it was in the interest of UK (and European) networking that someone undertook the job. We still feel this way, but it has to be said that its a lot of work, that it's not possible to justify to our funders that much effort is expended on this activity, and consequently that sometimes we find it difficult to provide the service level that we would like in terms of turnaround of requests, provision of advice etc. As things will get worse in this respect (as IP becomes more widespread), something will have to be done. Charging isn't necessarily bad -- it allows the service to be put on a proper, stable basis and most companies have no difficulty in understanding the concept of paying a small admin. fee for registration. However, I'd feel unhappy with unilateral action by individual registries -- there should be general agreement on the necessity. We'd probably give up running the UK Last Resort registry, rather than charge unilaterally, if it came to the point that we could no longer cope with current effort levels. So (although I didn't make the last RIPE IR group meeting, unfortunately) I'd support some serious discussion of this topic, to reach a consensus. One point I'd suggest though -- I don't believe it would be realistic to expect a uniform charge across Europe. As with everything else in life, costs will vary from country to country. One discussion point will be whether one wants the idea of free competition across Europe, with customers "shopping around" (the Maastricht ideal, I suppose), or a situation where customers aren't "allowed" to apply in other than their own country (ie regulation, or a cartel, depending on your view.) If the latter then there's an interesting consequence of what to do if a one country's Last Resort Registry starts charging unreasonably high prices ... this is a problem that hasn't been solved yet in the well known area of line provision! Could be an interesting discussion.... Bob Day

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Re: Address space for individuals
by bob＠informatics.rutherford.ac.uk 23 May '94

23 May '94

> I can't see this. Don't take it as buying but paying sort of tax for it. Nope. As Simon says, governments raise taxes, not private organisations. If charging is to be run on a cost-recovery basis (and I can't myself see any desire to do otherwise -- we all need to ensure the things's funded but presumably don't see this as profit-making), the main costs are staff related -- processing requests, giving advice etc. I can see this as justifying a one-off fee for allocation, but there doesn't seem to be a reason for a maintenance charge. (And what do you do if a customer doesn't pay this? Reassign the number(s), with the knowledge that they're probably still being used?) Setting a "recommended" price is fine -- it's a sort of price regulation. But this would have to be high enough to cover the staff costs of those countries where salaries etc are relatively high -- generally north-west Europe. I still think there will be deviations, as some registries will find alternative funding, some will just do their own thing. As long as we don't have some silly idea of trying to enforce a uniform charge, I don't think it matters -- things will shake down, as the majority of companies will be more interested in applying to their local registry (easier to do, same language, etc) than saving a few ECUs. The main cause of people going to a non-local registry would surely be if the local one wasn't giving a good service, rather than because of price? Bob Day

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Hank Nussbacher 22 May '94

22 May '94

On Fri, 20 May 1994 17:10:43 +0100 you said: > while I don't want to join in flaming, I see some good reasons for > people running a registry *now* for frowning at the financial > procedures proposed or even applied unilaterally be some (only a very > few?) Last Resort Registries. > > I'm definitely feeling worried when a Last-Resort-Registry, run by a > Service Provider *upon it's own voluntary decision* starts charging for > allocating addresses. I wonder whether there isn't some incentive (at > least conceavably :-) to be quite generous... We told the IL commerical service providers that we may charge in the future. Each said that they could do it for free. We said great. Let us know when you are ready and we will *gladly* transfer over all co.il responsibility. Two weeks later we heard from them that when they sat down and figured in the machine cycles and the manpower that they couldn't do the service for free as they had thought initially but would have to charge for it. We still provide the service free of charge. We would like to conform (or in ISOish - harmonize) to whatever the overall majority feels should be done. If everyone in Europe says "do it free since that is the way it should be", we will do it for free. But in all fairness, if that is the decision to be made then I would like to see a table of all RIPE countries that provide free registry services with who provides the funding: a) government funded registry b) university funded registry c) country Internet consortium funded registry d) other Do people feel that such a table would be worthwhile to determine who is currently funding registry services in Europe today? Hank

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Wilfried Woeber, UniVie/ACOnet 21 May '94

21 May '94

>My main problem with supporting "sub-class C" allocations is that >the local-IR's don't operate in a vaccum. There's a whole system >of: > > - computer manufactureres > > - networking equipment companies > > - consultants > > - literature From my experience the biggest challenges should be expected from categigory 3 and (to some extent, but considerably less) from category 4. Wilfried.

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Wilfried Woeber, UniVie/ACOnet 20 May '94

20 May '94

Hi Daniel, = > Erik-Jan Bos <erik-jan.bos(a)SURFnet.nl> writes: = > > This sums up my personal opinion. = > = > Great, quite along my personal opinion, but we need a consistent = > approach among all Local IRs. = =We will write something up next week. If someone else does before =us we can use that! = =My proposal would read like: = = - very small enterprises (VSEs) are those <32 hosts now Just to make sure that we think along the same lines: I'd strongly favour an approach where there is NO difference being made between private ("for personal use") and corporate/commercial applications... = - last resort registries will not assign address space to VSEs = = - VSEs can use private address space (RFC1697) = - VSEs are easy to renumber once they connect = - VSEs are likely to connect with one host only = = - service provider registries will assign VSEs smaller amounts = of address space than 8 bits where possible = = - service provider registries will register these smaller amounts = in the RIPE database when possible = =Rationale: = = Very many VSEs with 8 bits of address space each will use up = too much address space. = = = =Is this acceptable to all? = Good for me. =Implementation: If this was accepted the NCC could accept classles =inetnums very soon even before the indexing is fully classless. = =Question: Should we publish such things as RIPE documents or just =circulate them among registries as "current practise recommendations". =I personally think we should publish them, but have heared reservations. From the point of "open-ness" and information dissemination I'd agree to publish this, however, we have to aware of that these documents tend to float around for a long time, even after some cicles of update. BUT, if we start to publish the address assignment rules, any such document proposed IMHO has to cover many more aspects, for instance any financial implications we might come up with.... Wilfried. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wilfried Woeber : e-mail: Wilfried.Woeber(a)CC.UniVie.ac.at Computer Center - ACOnet : Vienna University : Tel: +43 1 4065822 355 Universitaetsstrasse 7 : Fax: +43 1 4065822 170 A-1010 Vienna, Austria, Europe : NIC: WW144 --------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Wilfried Woeber, UniVie/ACOnet 20 May '94

20 May '94

Hank, >pay it. But when I recently posted in regards to our plans to charge >customers for IP address registration I got all sorts of flames. When while I don't want to join in flaming, I see some good reasons for people running a registry *now* for frowning at the financial procedures proposed or even applied unilaterally be some (only a very few?) Last Resort Registries. I'm definitely feeling worried when a Last-Resort-Registry, run by a Service Provider *upon it's own voluntary decision* starts charging for allocating addresses. I wonder whether there isn't some incentive (at least conceavably :-) to be quite generous... At the same time, running a Service-Provider Registry for an academic community, we are not able to suggest to our clientele that we are providing them withg a service that has a financial value after all... So, I'd really like to see this sorted out soon! And anything that is agreed on should equally fit the commercial ISP registries as well as the "not for profit" ones. Wilfried. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wilfried Woeber : e-mail: Wilfried.Woeber(a)CC.UniVie.ac.at Computer Center - ACOnet : Vienna University : Tel: +43 1 4065822 355 Universitaetsstrasse 7 : Fax: +43 1 4065822 170 A-1010 Vienna, Austria, Europe : NIC: WW144 --------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Bjorn Eriksen 20 May '94

20 May '94

>My proposal would read like: >.... >Is this acceptable to all? yes, and publish. --Bjorn

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Dave Morton 20 May '94

20 May '94

> > Erik-Jan Bos <erik-jan.bos(a)SURFnet.nl> writes: > > > This sums up my personal opinion. > > > > Great, quite along my personal opinion, but we need a consistent > > approach among all Local IRs. > >We will write something up next week. If someone else does before >us we can use that! > >My proposal would read like: > > - very small enterprises (VSEs) are those <32 hosts now > > - last resort registries will not assign address space to VSEs > > - VSEs can use private address space (RFC1697) > - VSEs are easy to renumber once they connect > - VSEs are likely to connect with one host only > > - service provider registries will assign VSEs smaller amounts > of address space than 8 bits where possible > > - service provider registries will register these smaller amounts > in the RIPE database when possible > >Rationale: > > Very many VSEs with 8 bits of address space each will use up > too much address space. > > > >Is this acceptable to all? YEP. > >Implementation: If this was accepted the NCC could accept classles >inetnums very soon even before the indexing is fully classless. > >Question: Should we publish such things as RIPE documents or just >circulate them among registries as "current practise recommendations". >I personally think we should publish them, but have heared reservations. Publish. >Daniel Dave

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Re: Address space for individuals
by Dave Morton 20 May '94

20 May '94

Fully agree with Hank here - we are seeing the same problems in Germany as someone somewhere has to finance all this. Either the service providers do one stop shopping at the local IR and/or TLD-NIC and/or we charge or rent ip numbers and domain name space etc. to induviduals. No other way to go in the long term. Same applies to RIPE but me and Daniel have had our arguments about this in the past offline. Thats another story. Dave

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Draft minute of mtg yesterday
by mnorris＠dalkey.hea.ie 19 May '94

19 May '94

D R A F T D R A F T D R A F T D R A F T D R A F T Minute of Local IR WG Meeting at RIPE-18, May 1994 X.Y Local IR Working Group (D Karrenberg) Chair: D Karrenberg Scribe: M Norris X.Y.1 Opening An agenda circulated beforehand was agreed. The minutes of the meeting held during RIPE-17 in January 1994 were agreed. X.Y.2 Election of New Chairman D Karrenberg explained why he had announced his resignation as chairman. The efficacy of the WG might be questioned given that the Director of the NCC presided over a group drawn from the membership of RIPE, which set the agenda of the NCC. In addition, the workload of the NCC was now so onerous that all other activities had to be reviewed. Following discussion, the meeting unanimously expressed its complete satisfaction in the chairmanship by D Karrenberg of the Local IR Working Group. The Group had found the close linkage with the NCC to be of great benefit, and that this had never impeded its work nor imposed any limitations on its freedom of action. The meeting reluctantly accepted the resignation of the chairman. M Norris agreed to act as chairman, with effect from the end of the meeting. X.Y.3 European Registry Report by the NCC D Karrenberg reported that, from experience, it may be that enterprise networks, such as those belonging to large multi- or trans-national organisations, needed their own IP registries. As a rule, such organisations did not get delegated address space. However, coordination between local and regional registries was important. X.Y.4 Reports of Significant Events at Local Registries Question: In light of renumbering caused by CIDR, what should be done with returned addresses? It was agreed that such addresses could be returned, and welcome, to any European IR. Such IRs would return addresses to the NCC. If the addresses could be aggregated, they would be re-used, otherwise they would be returned to IANA. Question: Will someone write a paper on why it is a good idea to return unused addresses? Some discussion, but no takers. It was agreed that incidents of note should be reported to the list and to the NCC, and not reported only at WG meetings. Incidents were reported of applications being rejected in Europe but accepted on re-application to other regional registries. The group expressed concern at the disparity in the criteria applied by RIPE and InterNIC registries. Action 18.1 D Karrenberg Convey RIPE's concern at this disparity to the InterNIC. X.Y.5 Standard IP Application Form There was a discussion of multiple applications to different registries by the same organisation, or by different components of the same organisation. It was agreed that the standard form should be revised to guard against such abuses. The following changes should be made: * Indicate that any statements made in the form could be used in consideration of future applications * Applicants should indicate their parent organisation and its assigned address space, if any * Applicants to state whether they had made any applications for IP addresses in Europe or elsewhere Action 18.2 NCC Draft new standard form in light of above recommendations for discussion on the list. X.Y.6 Default Range of AS Numbers D Karrenberg had asked IANA for a default range of AS numbers, but this had been refused. [ Yves, can you please fill in the text of the point you made here? ] [ I apologise for not minuting it properly. ] X.Y.7 Report from Local IR Workshop The workshop held before the start of RIPE-18 had been well attended, numbers exceeding those who had booked and the number of lunch equivalents. RFC1597, concerning the allocation of private IP addresses, was noted. Common errors with the administration of reverse DNS zones had been summarised. Action 18.3 NCC Investigate monthly publication of error files on reverse zone files, a la host count. X.Y.8 Funding of and Charging for Local Registry Service The meeting agreed that these were important issues and that the group should make recommendations as soon as possible. Action 18.4 M Norris Initiate discussion on the list and aim to summarise by way of a draft recommendation. X.Y.9 Assignment Statistics W Woeber and W Huber had suggested means of representing address space assignment status. This would be discussed on the list.

1 0

Re: Address space for individuals
by Hank Nussbacher 19 May '94

19 May '94

On Thu, 19 May 1994 13:13:49 +0200 you said: > >> the number of requests will start approaching a thousand a month and the >> government in your country is not willing to fund the operation of an >> Internic out of the generosity of their heart, and the computing center >> where you work cannot any longer dedicate you to a fulltime registar position >> then something has to give. >... >> I foresee the only logical solution will be to simply charge users >> a small registration fee. > >I foresee by that time the government will not have to do >anything with the IP number registration. Network providers will >be commercial and fighting for each potential customer. Cheap >or even free numbers are one way to attract customers, and a very >effective one at that. > > >Martijn. Yes for those customers that want to be connected *now*, yes the service provider will provide free of charge the IP number (or at least should). But just look at Internic and how many of the assigned IP nets are actually connected. Many companies either have closed nets, or want IP addresses for the networks they are building today that at some point in the distant future they might want to connect to the global Internet. So what happens when the 16 year kid calls up SuperInternetService Inc and says I want an IP address? Or the telecom manager of Netwidget Inc wants 35 class C nets for his multinational closed IP network? At some point SuperInternetService Inc which runs on a profit basis and does nothing for free will do the calculation of whether it is worth his while to deal with all these "future potential" customers. The customer when he is ready to connect will evaluate who has a cheaper rate and a better support staff and not who gave them a free IP network 2 years ago. Hank

1 0

Address space for individuals
by Erik-Jan Bos 19 May '94

19 May '94

Local IRs, I planned to attend the Local IR WG meeting at RIPE last Tuesday, but the meeting was moved to yesterday, the same time as the Mbone WG meeting (where I had to be for "chairing reasons"). And I forgot all about it... As Last Resort IR for The Netherlands I received a request for address space (one C network) from an individual. The person requesting address space tells me he has several machines at home able to talk IP and he wants to interconnect them. Since he has plans to connect his LAN at home to the Internet some day in the future he asks for an official IP network number (which means RFC1597 is of no help in this case). IMHO, this is a question which we will see in an increasingly frequency in the near future. Think of what happens if IP functionality is built in to Microsoft software... I'd like to know whether you have received requests like this before, and how you aproached this issue, since I think "we all" should have a common attitude in Europe (better: world-wide) on this. Thanks for your concern. __ Erik-Jan.

5 4

Re: Address space for individuals
by Hank Nussbacher 19 May '94

19 May '94

I am very curious to see the minutes of the local-ir meeting since I was not able to attend. When handing out IP addresses was a few a week we all handled it on a volunteer basis and everyone was happy. Then we formed a RIPE and everyone was asked to "fund" the registration process of IP addresses, domain names, individual names, etc. And we all gladly pay it. But when I recently posted in regards to our plans to charge customers for IP address registration I got all sorts of flames. When the number of requests will start approaching a thousand a month and the government in your country is not willing to fund the operation of an Internic out of the generosity of their heart, and the computing center where you work cannot any longer dedicate you to a fulltime registar position then something has to give. As Eric-Jan has brought up, people will soon want home IP numbers and I foresee the only logical solution will be to simply charge users a small registration fee. Those that are serious about connecting up will gladly pay $30-$50 for a class C net. Those that just want to call up and bother you since it is a currently a free non-discriminating service will think twice if they have to dig into their 16 year old wallet and shell out $50. I would like to see a European/RIPE "recommendation" for costs for: a) IP address registration b) domain name registration c) routing update Hank

3 2

Action 17.3,4: Proposal - Report format for address assignment ...\
by Willi Huber 13 May '94

13 May '94

Wilfried Woeber wrote: > Dear all, > > this is the first proposal - for discussion - of a possible report > format for the local registries. While I did not yet have a good idea > for a simple "graphical" format, this is a format that could be used > both internally for keeping track of allocations and could be easy to > compare. Here is another approach. While Wilfrieds proposal gives a lot of details about the assigned networks, I was trying to show an overview on the status of the assignments. The following table gives an overview of the whole address space 193.0.0.0 - 194.255.255.0. The table shows the current contents of the RIPE database, where . stands for an unassigned network # * stand for assigned networks A sequence of #### or **** is used for network ranges described with one network entry in the RIPE database. The characters # and * are alternated for each network entry, so that one can see the size of the ranges. Willi Huber SWITCH -------------------- RIPE database version 94/05/07 193.000.000.0 ******##*#......****************................................ 193.000.064.0 ................................................................ 193.000.128.0 ################################################################ 193.000.192.0 ###############################################################. 193.001.000.0 ........................*#######........********........######## 193.001.064.0 *#..............********########................********#******* 193.001.128.0 #*#*.#...*#*....................................########******** 193.001.192.0 .#*#*#*##.....*#*.#############################################. 193.002.000.0 .*#.*#*#*#*#*................................................... 193.002.064.0 #*.#*#......................*#*#..........................*#..*# 193.002.128.0 .............................*#*................................ 193.002.192.0 ################*#*#***.##**##**################*.##............ 193.003.000.0 .***************#########.......****#*#*###*###...**##**####.... 193.003.064.0 **************************************************************** 193.003.128.0 ##..*#**#*......########........******************************** 193.003.192.0 #####################*##########*****...#.**..#*#*#*#*#.****.... 193.004.000.0 .#*#*#..........*#*#*#..........*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#......*#...... 193.004.064.0 *#*#*#..*#*#*#*#....*#*#*#*#*...#.*#*#*#*#..*#.................. 193.004.128.0 ............................*#*...#...*.#*#.*.#.*.#.*.#*#.*.#*#. 193.004.192.0 ..*#*.#...*.#*#*#*#.*.#.*.#.*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#.. 193.005.000.0 .*#*#...**##****#*#*#*#*#*##*#*#****#*#*#*#*##**#*#*#*##**#.*#*# 193.005.064.0 ....**##****####*#*#*#*#********#*#*#*#*#*#*####****####*#*#*#** 193.005.128.0 ################******..####****#####...****##**##*#************ 193.005.192.0 ########################********################**********#.*#*. 193.006.000.0 .#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#......*#*.....#*.....# 193.006.064.0 ********************************#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#* 193.006.128.0 #*#*#*#*#*#*........############................*#*#*#.......... 193.006.192.0 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#****#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#.......*#***************. 193.007.000.0 ################################################################ 193.007.064.0 ################################################################ 193.007.128.0 ********************************................................ 193.007.192.0 ################################******************************** 193.008.000.0 .########.......*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#********######....**..#. 193.008.064.0 *#*#............*#*#....*#*#....*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#........*#*#.... 193.008.128.0 *#..*#*#*#..*#*.#*..#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#...*#......*.......#*..##.. 193.008.192.0 *.#*#.*#*.#...*.......#.*#..**#.*.#.*#*.#.*.#.*.#.*.#.*.#.*.#.*. 193.009.000.0 .#*#*#*#****#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*################**************** 193.009.064.0 ################################################................ 193.009.128.0 ********************#*#*#*#*#*..################################ 193.009.192.0 ***************************************************************. 193.010.000.0 .#*#*#*#***.....###########*****#*#*#***#*#*#*#.****............ 193.010.064.0 ...............#*#*#*#*#................****************.......# 193.010.128.0 ................................................................ 193.010.192.0 ................................................................ 193.011.000.0 ................................................................ 193.011.064.0 ................................................................ 193.011.128.0 ................................................................ 193.011.192.0 ................................................................ 193.012.000.0 .*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#.*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*###*#*#*#*### 193.012.064.0 ***************************#*#**########*#*#****####*#*#*#*#*#*# 193.012.128.0 *****###********##*#**#*####*#*#********####*#*#*#*#*#*#****#*.. 193.012.192.0 ####****####**...............................................#*. 193.013.000.0 ................................################################ 193.013.064.0 ................................................................ 193.013.128.0 ................................................................ 193.013.192.0 ................................................................ 193.014.000.0 ................................................................ 193.014.064.0 ................................................................ 193.014.128.0 ................................................................ 193.014.192.0 ................................................................ 193.015.000.0 ................................................................ 193.015.064.0 ................................................................ 193.015.128.0 ................................................................ 193.015.192.0 ................................................................ 193.016.000.0 .*#*####*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*.....#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#* 193.016.064.0 #*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*................#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#* 193.016.128.0 #*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*................#*#*#*#*################........ 193.016.192.0 ****************....#.**......#*#*#*#.**................#*##*#*. 193.017.000.0 .#*#*#*#****....#*#*#*#*#*#*####********........####....****#*.. 193.017.064.0 ................####..**########*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# 193.017.128.0 ******************************************..........####*.....#* 193.017.192.0 ..............................................#*........#*#*.... 193.018.000.0 .############################################################### 193.018.064.0 ################################################################ 193.018.128.0 ################################################################ 193.018.192.0 ################################################################ 193.019.000.0 ################################................................ 193.019.064.0 ................................................................ 193.019.128.0 ................................................................ 193.019.192.0 ................................................................ 193.020.000.0 **************************************************************** 193.020.064.0 **************************************************************** 193.020.128.0 **************************************************************** 193.020.192.0 **************************************************************** 193.021.000.0 **************************************************************** 193.021.064.0 **************************************************************** 193.021.128.0 **************************************************************** 193.021.192.0 **************************************************************** 193.022.000.0 .#*#*...####****####.*##****....################################ 193.022.064.0 ****************................####**..###.*#*#*#*.###.******** 193.022.128.0 ########*.......################****............####****######## 193.022.192.0 ################################****************##.............. 193.023.000.0 .*#*#*#*########****************##############*#................ 193.023.064.0 ********************************################................ 193.023.128.0 ****#*#*########****####****....#*#*#*#*####....****....######## 193.023.192.0 ********************************......##########**#*#*#*#*#*#*#. 193.024.000.0 .*#*#*#*####*...########........****#*#*########**************** 193.024.064.0 ########********########********................################ 193.024.128.0 **************************************************************** 193.024.192.0 ................................................................ 193.025.000.0 ................################****************################ 193.025.064.0 ********************************................................ 193.025.128.0 ################################................................ 193.025.192.0 ........********##**##**####....****************########****##*. 193.026.000.0 ................................################################ 193.026.064.0 ********************************################********#*#*#*#* 193.026.128.0 ........########****####********################################ 193.026.192.0 *###############................****************######*#*#*#*#** 193.027.000.0 ............####*#*#*#*#*#**####********........########........ 193.027.064.0 ................................******************************** 193.027.128.0 ################################################################ 193.027.192.0 ................................................................ 193.028.000.0 .*#*#*#*....####****************####****##......**#*##*#*.#*#*#* 193.028.064.0 ########********####............********...##################### 193.028.128.0 ****************................################................ 193.028.192.0 ********........####****####****................##########...... 193.029.000.0 .*#*#*#*#*#*##**#*#*#*##*#*#**##****....##*#****........######## 193.029.064.0 ********************************################**************** 193.029.128.0 ....####***.####****************################*#*#*#**....#*#* 193.029.192.0 ########........**********......##**#*#*########********##*#**#. 193.030.000.0 .*#*##*#****####**#*#*##****####*#*#***.....####**************** 193.030.064.0 ################********#*#*#*#*########****....#*#*#*##**##**## 193.030.128.0 **##*#*#****....################........************************ 193.030.192.0 ################################................................ 193.031.000.0 .*#*#*#*##**##..*#*#*#**####**##********########********####*#*# 193.031.064.0 ****************################******************************** 193.031.128.0 ################################******************************** 193.031.192.0 ################################****************########**##**#. 193.032.000.0 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#**#*#*#*#*#*#*#*####*#*#*#****#************* 193.032.064.0 ******************#*####****######**#*#*#*####*#**####********## 193.032.128.0 ********************************#*####**########**************** 193.032.192.0 ################**#*####****************##*#*#***#**#*#*#*####*. 193.033.000.0 ................................................................ 193.033.064.0 ................................................................ 193.033.128.0 ................................................................ 193.033.192.0 ................................................................ 193.034.000.0 ................................................................ 193.034.064.0 ................................................................ 193.034.128.0 ................................................................ 193.034.192.0 ................................####*#**#*#*#*#*####****######## 193.035.000.0 *#**####*#*#*#*#******###.*#****################################ 193.035.064.0 ****************################****************################ 193.035.128.0 ****************##**########*#****####################********** 193.035.192.0 ******########*#*#****#*#*##****########********####*#*#*#*#*#*# 193.036.000.0 *#*#****########****************################**************** 193.036.064.0 ########*#*#*#******##*#********################################ 193.036.128.0 *#*#*#**########********##########**######**#*#*################ 193.036.192.0 ********************************#*.#..*#********################ 193.037.000.0 ********************************#*#*####*#*#*#*#**************** 193.037.064.0 ########****************####################**#*################ 193.037.128.0 ********************************################**************** 193.037.192.0 ################################*#*#*#**#*##****########******** 193.038.000.0 ################################********####**#*#*#*#*#*######## 193.038.064.0 ********************************################################ 193.038.128.0 ***#*#**#*#*##*#****************################################ 193.038.192.0 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................................................................ 193.042.000.0 .#*#****##*#*#*#************************************************ 193.042.064.0 ################################****************################ 193.042.128.0 ****#*#*##....*#*#**##*#*#**#*##******************************** 193.042.192.0 ########*.......................#***............................ 193.043.000.0 ................................................................ 193.043.064.0 ................................................................ 193.043.128.0 ................................................................ 193.043.192.0 ................................................................ 193.044.000.0 ################################################################ 193.044.064.0 ###########################################################*#... 193.044.128.0 *...#*********************************************************** 193.044.192.0 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#.********************************########************....##**#. 193.048.000.0 .*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#* 193.048.064.0 #*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#* 193.048.128.0 #*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#. 193.048.192.0 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# 193.049.000.0 ..*#*#..*#*#*#*.#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#.*.#... 193.049.064.0 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*...#*#.*#*#*#*#*...#...*.#.*... 193.049.128.0 #...*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*...#*#*#...*...#*..#*..#*#* 193.049.192.0 #*#*#*#*#*#*#...*#*#*#..*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# 193.050.000.0 *#*#*#..*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# 193.050.064.0 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# 193.050.128.0 *#..*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*...#...*#*#*#*#*#..*#*#*#*#*#*#*... 193.050.192.0 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................................................................ 193.240.000.0 ................................................................ 193.240.064.0 ................................................................ 193.240.128.0 ................................................................ 193.240.192.0 ................................................................ 193.241.000.0 ................................................................ 193.241.064.0 ................................................................ 193.241.128.0 ................................................................ 193.241.192.0 ................................................................ 193.242.000.0 .############################################################### 193.242.064.0 ################*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#******************************** 193.242.128.0 ################################................................ 193.242.192.0 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***************************************************************. 193.249.000.0 ################################################################ 193.249.064.0 ################################################################ 193.249.128.0 ################################################################ 193.249.192.0 ###############################################################. 193.250.000.0 **************************************************************** 193.250.064.0 **************************************************************** 193.250.128.0 **************************************************************** 193.250.192.0 ***************************************************************. 193.251.000.0 ################################################################ 193.251.064.0 ################################################################ 193.251.128.0 ################################################################ 193.251.192.0 ###############################################################. 193.252.000.0 **************************************************************** 193.252.064.0 **************************************************************** 193.252.128.0 **************************************************************** 193.252.192.0 ***************************************************************. 193.253.000.0 ################################################################ 193.253.064.0 ################################################################ 193.253.128.0 ################################################################ 193.253.192.0 ###############################################################. 193.254.000.0 .*#*............................................................ 193.254.064.0 ................................................................ 193.254.128.0 ................................................................ 193.254.192.0 ................................................................ 193.255.000.0 ................................................................ 193.255.064.0 ................................................................ 193.255.128.0 ................................................................ 193.255.192.0 ................................................................ 194.000.000.0 ................................................................ 194.000.064.0 ................................................................ 194.000.128.0 ................................................................ 194.000.192.0 ................................................................ 194.001.000.0 ................................................................ 194.001.064.0 ................................................................ 194.001.128.0 ................................................................ 194.001.192.0 ................................................................ 194.002.000.0 #*#***##########################*#*#*#*#********########........ 194.002.064.0 ****....##......*#*#*#..****.................................... 194.002.128.0 #...............*............................................... 194.002.192.0 ................................................................ 194.003.000.0 ................................................................ 194.003.064.0 ................................................................ 194.003.128.0 ................................................................ 194.003.192.0 ................................................................ 194.004.000.0 #*#*#*#*#*#*#*..#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#* 194.004.064.0 ........#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*....#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#* 194.004.128.0 #*#*#*#*#*#*....#*#*#*#*#*......#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#* 194.004.192.0 #*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*........ 194.005.000.0 ................................................................ 194.005.064.0 ................................................................ 194.005.128.0 ................................................................ 194.005.192.0 ................................................................ 194.006.000.0 ................................................................ 194.006.064.0 ................................................................ 194.006.128.0 ................................................................ 194.006.192.0 ................................................................ 194.007.000.0 #*######.........................*#............................. 194.007.064.0 ................................................................ 194.007.128.0 ................................................................ 194.007.192.0 ................................................................ 194.008.000.0 .****####....................................................... 194.008.064.0 ................................................................ 194.008.128.0 ................................................................ 194.008.192.0 ................................................................ 194.009.000.0 ................................................................ 194.009.064.0 ................................................................ 194.009.128.0 ................................................................ 194.009.192.0 ................................................................ 194.010.000.0 ****#*#*####**##********##**.................................... 194.010.064.0 ................................................................ 194.010.128.0 ................................................................ 194.010.192.0 ................................................................ 194.011.000.0 ################****************########################........ 194.011.064.0 ........................********################**************** 194.011.128.0 ####*#*#********........##..****##**####**..################*... 194.011.192.0 ##*.##**..#*##****....#*#*##.*##**#*##..**#*#*#*##*#**#*#*#*##.* 194.012.000.0 ################################################################ 194.012.064.0 ################################################################ 194.012.128.0 ********######################################################## 194.012.192.0 ................................................................ 194.013.000.0 *#**####*******.################******************************** 194.013.064.0 #*......................########........****............####.... 194.013.128.0 *****#*#**#*..##****************################**************** 194.013.192.0 ################****************########******..################ 194.014.000.0 .*#*##*#*#*#*#*#**********#*#*#*################*#*#*###*#***### 194.014.064.0 **********##*#*#**#*#*#*########*#*###*#*#*#*#*#**************** 194.014.128.0 #*#***#*########################***#*#**#*##*#*#*#*#*#**###*##*# 194.014.192.0 **##**#*##*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#**#*##########**#*#*#####*##*#*#*#** 194.015.000.0 ################################******************************** 194.015.064.0 ############*#*#****************################**************** 194.015.128.0 ########*#*#*.#*#*#.**##**#*####********........##**##*#****#*#* 194.015.192.0 ##*###**********####..*#**#*####****#*#*#*##*#*#********##**#### 194.016.000.0 ................................................................ 194.016.064.0 ................................................................ 194.016.128.0 ................................................................ 194.016.192.0 ................................................................ 194.017.000.0 ................................................................ 194.017.064.0 ................................................................ 194.017.128.0 ................................................................ 194.017.192.0 ................................................................ 194.018.000.0 ................................................................ 194.018.064.0 ................................................................ 194.018.128.0 ................................................................ 194.018.192.0 ................................................................ 194.019.000.0 ................................................................ 194.019.064.0 ................................................................ 194.019.128.0 ................................................................ 194.019.192.0 ................................................................ 194.020.000.0 ................................................................ 194.020.064.0 ................................................................ 194.020.128.0 ................................................................ 194.020.192.0 ................................................................ 194.021.000.0 ................................................................ 194.021.064.0 ................................................................ 194.021.128.0 ................................................................ 194.021.192.0 ................................................................ 194.022.000.0 ................................................................ 194.022.064.0 ...............................................................* 194.022.128.0 ................................................................ 194.022.192.0 ................................................................ 194.023.000.0 ................................................................ 194.023.064.0 ................................................................ 194.023.128.0 ................................................................ 194.023.192.0 ................................................................ 194.024.000.0 ................................................................ 194.024.064.0 ................................................................ 194.024.128.0 ................................................................ 194.024.192.0 ................................................................ 194.025.000.0 ................................................................ 194.025.064.0 ................................................................ 194.025.128.0 ................................................................ 194.025.192.0 ................................................................ 194.026.000.0 ................................................................ 194.026.064.0 ................................................................ 194.026.128.0 ................................................................ 194.026.192.0 ................................................................ 194.027.000.0 ................................................................ 194.027.064.0 ................................................................ 194.027.128.0 ................................................................ 194.027.192.0 ................................................................ 194.028.000.0 ................................................................ 194.028.064.0 ................................................................ 194.028.128.0 ................................................................ 194.028.192.0 ................................................................ 194.029.000.0 ................................................................ 194.029.064.0 ................................................................ 194.029.128.0 ................................................................ 194.029.192.0 ................................................................ 194.030.000.0 ................................................................ 194.030.064.0 ................................................................ 194.030.128.0 ................................................................ 194.030.192.0 ................................................................ 194.031.000.0 ................................................................ 194.031.064.0 ................................................................ 194.031.128.0 ................................................................ 194.031.192.0 ................................................................ 194.032.000.0 ################################****************################ 194.032.064.0 ###*#*#*#*#*######*#****########********####*#*#**************** 194.032.128.0 ################*#####**#*#*#*#*#...............**************** 194.032.192.0 ****#***#*#*##*#********##**#*##******************************** 194.033.000.0 ########........*###****#*#*#*#*#*##****#******###**######*#*#*# 194.033.064.0 **************************************************************** 194.033.128.0 ................................####################............ 194.033.192.0 **************************************************************** 194.034.000.0 ########***#*#**####################********************#*#*#*#* 194.034.064.0 ################################*****#**########**************** 194.034.128.0 ########*#*#****########***********#****##*#**#*################ 194.034.192.0 ******#*####*******************#******************************** 194.035.000.0 ###########***##*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#****************#*#*##*#*#*#*#*# 194.035.064.0 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#**##****####*...################################ 194.035.128.0 ********************************################**********...... 194.035.192.0 ################################****************................ 194.036.000.0 .#*#....*#*#.................................................... 194.036.064.0 ................................................................ 194.036.128.0 ................................................................ 194.036.192.0 ................................................................ 194.037.000.0 .*##************************************************************ 194.037.064.0 ****####****************################************************ 194.037.128.0 **************************************************************** 194.037.192.0 ****************************************########********##...... 194.038.000.0 **************************************************************** 194.038.064.0 ................................................................ 194.038.128.0 ................................................................ 194.038.192.0 ................................................................ 194.039.000.0 ########################****####****************################ 194.039.064.0 ****####****#*##**##**#*########**#*#*#*####****########*#*#**** 194.039.128.0 ########........****#*#*##*#*#**############**#*#*#*####*#*#*#** 194.039.192.0 ####****##*#*#*#****##*#**##****########****#*#*################ 194.040.000.0 **************************************************************** 194.040.064.0 **************************************************************** 194.040.128.0 ################################################################ 194.040.192.0 ************########............................................ 194.041.000.0 *........#......****************#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*............ 194.041.064.0 ................................................................ 194.041.128.0 ................................................................ 194.041.192.0 ................................................................ 194.042.000.0 ................................................................ 194.042.064.0 ................................................................ 194.042.128.0 ................................................................ 194.042.192.0 ................................................................ 194.043.000.0 ################################################################ 194.043.064.0 ################################################################ 194.043.128.0 ################################################################ 194.043.192.0 ################################################################ 194.044.000.0 .*#*#*#*#....................................................... 194.044.064.0 ................................................................ 194.044.128.0 ****....##...................................................... 194.044.192.0 ................................................................ 194.045.000.0 ****##**.#*#****................................................ 194.045.064.0 ................................................................ 194.045.128.0 ................................................................ 194.045.192.0 ................................................................ 194.046.000.0 ####**#.****.................................................... 194.046.064.0 ................................................................ 194.046.128.0 ................................................................ 194.046.192.0 ................................................................ 194.047.000.0 ########################************************############**** 194.047.064.0 ################################################################ 194.047.128.0 ********************************################################ 194.047.192.0 ################****************################################ 194.048.000.0 ....************************************************************ 194.048.064.0 ****################............................................ 194.048.128.0 ................................................................ 194.048.192.0 ................................................................ 194.049.000.0 .*#*#*#*########*#*#*#*#********########********##**##*#*#*#*#** 194.049.064.0 ##***.#*#*##*#**#*#*#*##****#*##**##*#**####**#*#*#*#***######## 194.049.128.0 **************************************************************** 194.049.192.0 **************************************************************** 194.050.000.0 ................################****************................ 194.050.064.0 ................................................................ 194.050.128.0 ................................................................ 194.050.192.0 ................................................................ 194.051.000.0 ..##............................................................ 194.051.064.0 ................................................................ 194.051.128.0 ................................................................ 194.051.192.0 ................................................................ 194.052.000.0 ................................................................ 194.052.064.0 ................................................................ 194.052.128.0 ................................................................ 194.052.192.0 ................................................................ 194.053.000.0 .*..####****....################****************########****##** 194.053.064.0 ##......****.................................................... 194.053.128.0 ................................................................ 194.053.192.0 ................................................................ 194.054.000.0 ................................................................ 194.054.064.0 ................................................................ 194.054.128.0 ................................................................ 194.054.192.0 ................................................................ 194.055.000.0 .#**##**########****************########*#*#**#*################ 194.055.064.0 ****************................................................ 194.055.128.0 ................................................................ 194.055.192.0 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................................................................ 194.059.000.0 ................................................................ 194.059.064.0 ................................................................ 194.059.128.0 ................................................................ 194.059.192.0 ................................................................ 194.060.000.0 ................................................................ 194.060.064.0 ................................................................ 194.060.128.0 ................................................................ 194.060.192.0 ................................................................ 194.061.000.0 ................................................................ 194.061.064.0 ................................................................ 194.061.128.0 ................................................................ 194.061.192.0 ................................................................ 194.062.000.0 ................................................................ 194.062.064.0 ................................................................ 194.062.128.0 ................................................................ 194.062.192.0 ................................................................ 194.063.000.0 ................................................................ 194.063.064.0 ................................................................ 194.063.128.0 ................................................................ 194.063.192.0 ................................................................ 194.064.000.0 #*#*#*#*#....................................................... 194.064.064.0 ................................................................ 194.064.128.0 ................................................................ 194.064.192.0 ................................................................ 194.065.000.0 ****............................................................ 194.065.064.0 ................................................................ 194.065.128.0 ................................................................ 194.065.192.0 ................................................................ 194.066.000.0 #*#*#*#*####****################******************************** 194.066.064.0 ################................******************************** 194.066.128.0 ................................................................ 194.066.192.0 ................................................................ 194.067.000.0 ................................................................ 194.067.064.0 ................................................................ 194.067.128.0 ................................................................ 194.067.192.0 ................................................................ 194.068.000.0 .#*#**#*#####*#*#####*##********#*#*#........................... 194.068.064.0 ................................................................ 194.068.128.0 ................................................................ 194.068.192.0 ................................................................ 194.069.000.0 ................................................................ 194.069.064.0 ................................................................ 194.069.128.0 ................................................................ 194.069.192.0 ................................................................ the rest till 194.255.255.0 is all unassigned

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